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# Tangents to a Curve

## Slope of a tangent equals a limit where difference in x values approaches zero.

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Tangents to a Curve

Kevin just started his first calculus class last week. His teacher has spent most of the first week of class talking about the basis of calculus, and what calculus is actually used for. Unfortunately, Kevin was still a little confused at the end of class on Friday, so he went to Mr. Banner and asked if he had any suggestions.

Mr. Banner: "Kevin, do you remember finding the equation of a line by using two points in Algebra I?"
Kevin: "Sure, that was easy. You just find the slope of the line by dividing the up/down difference in the points by the left/right difference. Then you use one of the points and the slope to find the y-intercept, right?"
Mr. Banner: "Was it harder if the points were closer together, or further apart?"
Kevin: "No, not really, I guess. I mean, unless they were really far apart!"
Mr. Banner: "Ok. Here is what I want you to do, Kevin. I'll even give you extra credit if you can complete it over the weekend. I want you to find the slope of three lines, just like you described. Are you ready to write down the points?"
Kevin (grinning): "Easiest extra credit ever! Sure, go ahead."
Mr. Banner: "The first pair of points is: (4, 7) and (5, 9), the second pair is (4, 6) and (4.5, 6.5). You got those?"
Kevin: "Yeah, yeah, keep going, I got this!"
Mr. Banner: "Ok, the last pair is (4, 5) and (4, 5)"
Kevin (writing fast without looking): "Ok, got it! See you on Monday, be ready to give me that extra credit, Mr. Banner!"

Can you see what Mr. Banner did? What is Kevin going to find as he works those problems?

### Guidance

Recall from algebra, if points P(x0,y0) and Q(x1,y1) are two different points on the curve y = f(x), then the slope of the secant line connecting the two points is given by

\begin{align*}m_{sec}\end{align*} \begin{align*}= \frac {y_1-y_0}{x_1-x_0} = \frac {f(x_1)-f(x_0)}{x_1-x_0}\end{align*} (1)

Of course, if we let the point x1 approach xo then Q will approach P along the graph f and thus the slope of the secant line will gradually approach the slope of the tangent line as x1 approaches x0. Therefore, (1) becomes

\begin{align*}m_{sec}\end{align*} \begin{align*}= \lim_{x_1 \to x_0} \frac {f(x_1)-f(x_0)}{x_1-x_0} \end{align*} (2)

To simplify our notation, if we let h = x1x0, then x1 = x0 + h and x1 → x0 becomes equivalent to h → 0. This means that (2) becomes

\begin{align*}m_{sec}\end{align*} \begin{align*}= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac {f(x_0+h)-f(x_0)}{h} \end{align*}

The Slope of a Tangent Line

If the point P(x0,y0) is on the curve f, then the tangent line at P has a slope that is given by
\begin{align*}m_{tan}=\lim_{h \to 0} \frac {f(x_0+h)-f(x_0)}{h} \end{align*}

provided that the limit exist.

Recall that the equation of the tangent line through point (x0, y0) with slope m is the point-slope form of a line: yy0 = mtan(xx0).

#### Example A

Find line tangent to the curve f(x) = x3 that passes through point P (2,8).

Solution:

Since P(x0, y0) = (2, 8), using the slope of the tangent equation we have

\begin{align*}m_{tan}\end{align*} \begin{align*}= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac {f(x_0+h)-f(x_0)}{h} \end{align*}
and we get
\begin{align*}m_{tan}\end{align*} \begin{align*}= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac {f(2+h)-f(2)}{h} \end{align*}
\begin{align*}= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac {(h^3+6h^2+12h+8)-8}{h} \end{align*}
\begin{align*}= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac {h^3+6h^2+12h}{h} \end{align*}
\begin{align*}= \lim_{h \to 0} (h^2+6h+12) \end{align*}
\begin{align*}= 12\end{align*}

Thus the slope of the tangent line is 12. Using the point-slope formula above, we find that the equation of the tangent line is y - 8 = 12 (x - 2) or y = 12x - 16.

#### Example B

If f(x) = x2 − 3,find f' (x) and use the result to find the slope of the tangent line at x = 2 and x = −1.

Solution:

Since \begin{align*}f'(x)= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac {f(x+h)-f(x)}{h} \end{align*}then

\begin{align*}f'(x)\end{align*} \begin{align*}= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac {\left [ {(x+h)^2-3} \right ]- \left [ {x^2-3} \right ]}{h} \end{align*}
\begin{align*}= \lim_{h \to 0}\frac {x^2+2xh+h^2-3-x^2+3}{h}\end{align*}
\begin{align*}= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac {2xh+h^2}{h}\end{align*}
\begin{align*}= \lim_{h \to 0} (2x+h)\end{align*}
\begin{align*}= 2x\end{align*}

To find the slope, we simply substitute x = 2 into the result f' (x):

f'(x) = 2x
f'(2) =2(2)
= 4
and
f'(x) =2x
f'(-1) =2(-1)
= -2

Thus slope of the tangent line at x = 2 and x = −1 are 4 and −2 respectively.

#### Example C

Find the slope of the tangent line to the curve y = 1/x that passes through the point (1, 1).

Solution:

Using the slope of the tangent formula,

\begin{align*}f'(x)\end{align*} \begin{align*}= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac {f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}\end{align*}
and substituting \begin{align*}y=\frac{1}{x}\end{align*}
\begin{align*}f'(x)\end{align*} \begin{align*}= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac {\left ( \frac{1}{x+h} \right )-\frac {1}{x}}{h}\end{align*}
\begin{align*}= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac {\frac {x-x-h}{x \left ({x+h} \right)}}{h}\end{align*}
\begin{align*}= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac {x-x-h}{hx \left ({x+h} \right)}\end{align*}
\begin{align*}= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac {-h}{hx \left ({x+h} \right)}\end{align*}
\begin{align*}= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac {-1}{x \left ({x+h} \right)}\end{align*}
\begin{align*}= \frac {-1}{x^2}\end{align*}
For x = 1, the slope is
\begin{align*}f'(x)\end{align*} \begin{align*}= \frac {-1}{1} = -1\end{align*}
\begin{align*}= -1\end{align*}

Thus the slope of the tangent line at x = 1 for the curve y = 1/x is m = −1. To find the equation of the tangent line, we simply use the point-slope formula,

y - y0 = m(x - x0)
Where (x0, y0) = (1, 1).
y - 1 = -1(x - 1)
y = -x + 1 + 1
y = -x + 2

So the equation of the tangent line is y = -x + 2.

Concept question wrap-up:

Mr. Banner gave Kevin three sets of points, each defining a segment of a line, and each line shorter than the last. The first two were probably no sweat for Kevin to find equations for, since he seems to clearly remember the process of finding \begin{align*}\frac{rise}{run}\end{align*} from Algebra I. The third set of points, however, is completely different. Points (4, 5) and (4, 5) are the same, so the \begin{align*}\frac{rise}{run}\end{align*} would be \begin{align*}\frac{0}{0}\end{align*} - Kevin was just introduced to the need for differential calculus!

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### Guided Practice

1) Given the function \begin{align*}y = \frac{1}{2} x^2\end{align*} and the values of \begin{align*}x_0 = 3\end{align*} and \begin{align*}x_1 = 4\end{align*}, find:

a) The average rate of change of y with respect to x over the interval [x0, x1].
b) The slope of the secant line connecting x0 and x1
c) The instantaneous rate of change of y with respect to x at x0.
d) The slope of the tangent line at x1.

2) Given the function \begin{align*}f(x) = \frac{1}{x}\end{align*} and the values \begin{align*}x_{0} = 2\end{align*} and \begin{align*}x_1 = 3\end{align*}, find:

(a) The average rate of change of y with respect to x over the interval [x0, x1].
b) The slope of the secant line connecting x0 and x1.
c) The instantaneous rate of change of y with respect to x at x0.
d) The slope of the tangent line at x1.

1) Given \begin{align*}y = \frac{1}{2} x^2\end{align*} where \begin{align*}x_0 = 3\end{align*} and \begin{align*}x_1 = 4\end{align*}

a) To find the average rate of change:
Identify the two points by substituting 3 and 4 in for x in the function \begin{align*}f(x) = \frac{1}{2}x^2\end{align*}
Substitute the two points (3, 4.5) and (4, 8) into the average rate of change formula: \begin{align*}m = \frac{y_1 - y_0}{x_1 - x_0}\end{align*}
Average rate of change = \begin{align*}\frac{7} {2}\end{align*}
b) The slope of the secant line between \begin{align*}x_0\end{align*} and \begin{align*}x_1\end{align*} is the slope between \begin{align*}(3, 4.5)\end{align*} and \begin{align*}(4, 8)\end{align*} which is \begin{align*}\frac{7} {2}\end{align*}
c) Instantaneous rate of change is the slope at x = 3.
Use the formula: \begin{align*}\frac{f(x + h) - f(x)}{h}\end{align*} where \begin{align*}f(x) = \frac{1}{2}x^2\end{align*} and \begin{align*}x = 3\end{align*}
\begin{align*}\frac{f(3 + h) - f(3)}{h}\end{align*} ..... Substitute 3 for x
\begin{align*}\frac{\frac{1}{2}(3 + h)^2 - \frac{1}{2}(3)^2}{h}\end{align*} ..... Replace \begin{align*}f(x) \to \frac{1}{2}x^2\end{align*}
\begin{align*}\frac{\frac{1}{2}(9) + \frac{1}{2}(6h) + \frac{1}{2}h^2 - \frac{1}{2}9}{h}\end{align*} ..... FOIL and Distribute the 1/2
\begin{align*}\frac{6h + h^2}{2h}\end{align*} ..... Simplify
\begin{align*}3+\frac{h}{2}\end{align*} ..... Simplify again
\begin{align*}3\end{align*} ..... As \begin{align*}h \to 0\end{align*}
\begin{align*}\therefore\end{align*} the instantaneous slope at x = 3 is 3
d) The slope of the tangent at 4 is the same as the instantaneous rate of change at \begin{align*}x = 4\end{align*}
This is the same series of steps as with x = 3 above
\begin{align*}\therefore\end{align*} the slope at x = 4 is 4

2) Given \begin{align*}y = \frac{1}{x}\end{align*} where \begin{align*}x_0 = 2\end{align*} and \begin{align*}x_1 = 3\end{align*}

a) To find the average rate of change:
Identify the two points by substituting 2 and 3 in for x in the function \begin{align*}f(x) = \frac{1}{x}\end{align*} to get \begin{align*}(2, \frac{1}{2}) | (3, \frac{1}{3})\end{align*}
Substitute the two points \begin{align*}(2, \frac{1}{2}) | (3, \frac{1}{3})\end{align*} into the average rate of change formula: \begin{align*}m = \frac{y_1 - y_0}{x_1 - x_0}\end{align*}
Average rate of change = \begin{align*}\frac{-1}{6}\end{align*}
b) The slope of the secant line between \begin{align*}x_0\end{align*} and \begin{align*}x_1\end{align*} is the slope between \begin{align*}(2, \frac{1}{2})\end{align*} and \begin{align*}(3, \frac{1}{3})\end{align*} which is \begin{align*}\frac{-1}{6}\end{align*}
c) Instantaneous rate of change at x0 is the slope at x = 2.
Use the formula: \begin{align*}\frac{f(x + h) - f(x)}{h}\end{align*} where \begin{align*}f(x) = \frac{1}{x}\end{align*} and \begin{align*}x = 2\end{align*}
\begin{align*}\frac{f(2 + h) - f(2)}{h}\end{align*} ..... Substitute 2 for x
\begin{align*}\frac{\frac{1}{2 + h} - \frac{1}{2}}{h}\end{align*} ..... Replace \begin{align*}f(x) \to \frac{1}{x}\end{align*}
\begin{align*}(\frac{1}{2 + h} - \frac{1}{2}) \cdot \frac{1}{h}\end{align*} ..... We had a fraction divided by a fraction, invert to multiply
\begin{align*}\frac{(2)(1)}{2(2 + h)} - \frac{(2 + h)(1)}{2(2 + h)} \cdot \frac{1}{h}\end{align*} ..... Set common denominators
\begin{align*}\frac{(2) - (2 + h)}{(2 + h)(2)(h)}\end{align*} ..... Simplify
\begin{align*}\frac{-h}{4h +2h^2}\end{align*} ..... Simplify again
\begin{align*}\frac{-1}{4 + 2h}\end{align*} ..... once more (canceling the h)
\begin{align*}\frac{-1}{4}\end{align*} ..... As \begin{align*}h \to 0\end{align*}
\begin{align*}\therefore\end{align*} the instantaneous slope at x = 2 is \begin{align*}\frac{-1} {4}\end{align*}
d) The slope of the tangent at 3 is the same as the instantaneous rate of change at \begin{align*}x = 3\end{align*}
This is the same series of steps as with x = 2 above
\begin{align*}\therefore\end{align*} the slope at x = 3 is \begin{align*}\frac{-1} {9}\end{align*}

### Explore More

1. What is the line connecting two points \begin{align*}(x_0, y_0)\end{align*} and \begin{align*}(x_1, y_1)\end{align*} on a curve called?
2. As \begin{align*}(x_0, y_0)\end{align*} gets immeasurably close to \begin{align*}(x_1, y_1)\end{align*} the term describing the line between them becomes: "the ____________ line"
3. The expression \begin{align*}f(x_0 + h) - f(x_0)\end{align*} is used to describe what distance in the process of finding the slope of a tangent line?
4. When calculating the slope of a tangent, what value is assumed to go to 0 as the two chosen points get closer and closer?
5. What does the concept of limit, discussed in prior lessons, have to do with finding the slope of a line tangent to a curve?

Find the equation of the tangent line:

1. What is the equation of the tangent line at \begin{align*}x = -3\end{align*} assuming that \begin{align*}r(-3) = - 5\end{align*} and \begin{align*}r'(-3) = 1\end{align*}?
2. What is the equation of the tangent line at \begin{align*} x = 1\end{align*} assuming that \begin{align*}r(1) = 3\end{align*} and \begin{align*}r'(1) = -5\end{align*}?
3. What is the equation of the tangent line at \begin{align*}x = 2\end{align*} assuming that \begin{align*}g(2) = 1\end{align*} and \begin{align*}g'(2) = -3\end{align*}?
4. What is the equation of the tangent line at \begin{align*}x = 4\end{align*} assuming that \begin{align*}u(4) = 4\end{align*} and \begin{align*}u'(4) = 3\end{align*}?
5. What is the equation of the tangent line at \begin{align*}x = -4\end{align*} assuming that \begin{align*}t(-4) = 2\end{align*} and \begin{align*}t'(-4) = 5\end{align*}?

Find the equation of the tangent line:

1. Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of \begin{align*}h(x) = -5x^3 - 3x^2 + x + 3 \end{align*} at \begin{align*}x = 1\end{align*}
2. Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of \begin{align*}t(x) = -2x\end{align*} at \begin{align*}x = -2\end{align*}
3. Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of \begin{align*}m(x) = 3x^3 + 3x^2 + 4x + 4\end{align*} at \begin{align*}x = 1\end{align*}
4. Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of \begin{align*}q(x) = -x^3 - 4x^2 + 4x + 3\end{align*} at \begin{align*}x = -2\end{align*}
5. Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of \begin{align*}t(x) = -4x^2 + 2x - 4\end{align*} at \begin{align*}x = -1\end{align*}
6. Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of \begin{align*}h(x) = -4x^3 + 2x^2 - 3x + 3\end{align*} at \begin{align*}x = -1\end{align*}
7. Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of \begin{align*}m(x) = x \end{align*} at \begin{align*}x = 0\end{align*}
8. Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of \begin{align*}s(x) = -3x^2 - 2x + 3 \end{align*} at \begin{align*}x = 0\end{align*}
9. Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of \begin{align*}c(x) = -3\end{align*} at \begin{align*}x = 0\end{align*}
10. Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of \begin{align*}b(x) = -5x^4 + 3x^3 - x^2 + 5x - 3 \end{align*} at \begin{align*}x = -1\end{align*}

### Vocabulary Language: English Spanish

secant

secant

A line that intersects a circle in two points.
tangent

tangent

A line that intersects a circle in exactly one point.
Average rate of change

Average rate of change

The average rate of change of a function is the change in $y$ coordinates of a function, divided by the change in $x$ coordinates.
Differential calculus

Differential calculus

Differential calculus is the branch of calculus based on finding the difference in location between two points that get closer together until the distance between them is infinitely small.
instantaneous rate of change

instantaneous rate of change

The instantaneous rate of change of a curve at a given point is the slope of the line tangent to the curve at that point.
secant line

secant line

A secant line is a line that joins two points on a curve.
Slope

Slope

Slope is a measure of the steepness of a line. A line can have positive, negative, zero (horizontal), or undefined (vertical) slope. The slope of a line can be found by calculating “rise over run” or “the change in the $y$ over the change in the $x$.” The symbol for slope is $m$
Tangent line

Tangent line

A tangent line is a line that "just touches" a curve at a single point and no others.