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# Multiplication of Rational Numbers

## Multiply fractions: multiply straight across

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Multiplication of Rational Numbers

Suppose you wrote a computer program that multiplies $\frac{1}{5}$ by a random number. What if the random number were –1? What if it were 0? What if it were 1? In fact, the random number doesn't even have to be an integer. What if it were $\frac{3}{4}$ ? What if it were $- \frac{2}{7}$ ? In this Concept, you'll learn about the Multiplication Property of –1, the Multiplicative Identity Property, and the Zero Property of Multiplication so that you can answer these questions.

### Guidance

When you began learning how to multiply whole numbers, you replaced repeated addition with the multiplication sign $(\times)$ . For example:

$6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 = 5 \times 6 = 30$

Multiplying rational numbers is performed the same way. We will start with the Multiplication Property of –1.

The Multiplication Property of –1: For any real number $a, (-1) \times a = -a$ .

This can be summarized by saying, "A number times a negative is the opposite of the number."

#### Example A

Evaluate $-1 \cdot 9,876$ .

Solution:

Using the Multiplication Property of $-1$ : $\ -1 \cdot 9,876 = -9,876$ .

This property can also be used when the values are negative, as shown in Example B.

#### Example B

Evaluate $-1 \cdot -322$ .

Solution:

Using the Multiplication Property of $-1$ : $\ -1 \cdot -322 = 322$ .

A basic algebraic property is the Multiplicative Identity. Similar to the Additive Identity, this property states that any value multiplied by 1 will result in the original value.

The Multiplicative Identity Property: For any real number $a, \ (1) \times a = a$ .

A third property of multiplication is the Multiplication Property of Zero. This property states that any value multiplied by zero will result in zero.

The Zero Property of Multiplication: For any real number $a, \ (0) \times a = 0$ .

Multiplication of fractions can also be shown visually, as you can see in the example below.

#### Example C

Find $\frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{2}{5}$ , drawing one model to represent the first fraction and a second model to represent the second fraction.

Solution:

By placing one model (divided in thirds horizontally) on top of the other (divided in fifths vertically), you divide one whole rectangle into smaller parts.

The product of the two fractions is the $\frac{shaded \ regions}{total \ regions}.$

$\frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{2}{5} = \frac{2}{15}$

### Guided Practice

Simplify $\frac{3}{7} \cdot \frac{4}{5}.$

Solution: By drawing visual representations, you can see that

$\frac{3}{7} \cdot \frac{4}{5} = \frac{12}{35}$

### Explore More

Multiply the following rational numbers.

1. $\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{3}{4}$
2. $-7.85 \cdot -2.3$
3. $\frac{2}{5} \cdot \frac{5}{9}$
4. $\frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{2}{7} \cdot \frac{2}{5}$
5. $4.5 \cdot -3$
6. $\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{2}{3} \cdot \frac{3}{4} \cdot \frac{4}{5}$
7. $\frac{5}{12} \times \frac{9}{10}$
8. $\frac{27}{5} \cdot 0$
9. $\frac{2}{3} \times \frac{1}{4}$
10. $-11.1 (4.1)$

Multiply the following by negative one.

1. 79.5
2. $\pi$
3. $(x + 1)$
4. $|x|$
5. 25
6. –105
7. $x^2$
8. $(3 + x)$
9. $(3 - x)$

#### Quick Quiz

1. Order from least to greatest: $\left (\frac{5}{6}, \ \frac{23}{26}, \ \frac{31}{32}, \ \frac{3}{14} \right )$ .
2. Simplify $\frac{5}{9} \times \frac{27}{4}.$
3. Simplify $|-5 + 11| - |9 - 37|$ .
4. Add $\frac{21}{5}$ and $\frac{7}{8}.$

### Vocabulary Language: English Spanish

Multiplication Property of –1

Multiplication Property of –1

For any real number $a, (-1) \times a = -a$.
multiplicative identity property

multiplicative identity property

The product of any number and one is the number itself.
Zero Property of Multiplication

Zero Property of Multiplication

For any real number $a, \ (0) \times a = 0$.
Associative Property

Associative Property

The associative property states that you can change the groupings of numbers being added or multiplied without changing the sum. For example: (2+3) + 4 = 2 + (3+4), and (2 X 3) X 4 = 2 X (3 X 4).
Commutative Property

Commutative Property

The commutative property states that the order in which two numbers are added or multiplied does not affect the sum or product. For example $a+b=b+a \text{ and\,} (a)(b)=(b)(a)$.
distributive property

distributive property

The distributive property states that the product of an expression and a sum is equal to the sum of the products of the expression and each term in the sum. For example, $a(b + c) = ab + ac$.
Integer

Integer

The integers consist of all natural numbers, their opposites, and zero. Integers are numbers in the list ..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3...
Mixed Number

Mixed Number

A mixed number is a number made up of a whole number and a fraction, such as $4\frac{3}{5}$.