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# Proportions

## Multiplication to solve for an unknown given two equal ratios.

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Proportions

### Proportions

When two ratios are equal to each other, we call it a proportion. For example, the equation \begin{align*}\frac{10}{5} = \frac{6}{9}\end{align*} is a proportion. We know it’s true because we can reduce both fractions to \begin{align*}\frac{2}{3}\end{align*}.

(Check this yourself to make sure!)

We often use proportions in science and business—for example, when scaling up the size of something. We generally use them to solve for an unknown, so we use algebra and label the unknown variable \begin{align*}x\end{align*}.

#### Real-World Example: Profit

A small fast food chain operates 60 stores and makes \$1.2 million profit every year. How much profit would the chain make if it operated 250 stores?

First, we need to write a ratio: the ratio of profit to number of stores. That would be \begin{align*}\frac{\1,200,000}{60}\end{align*}.

Now we want to know how much profit 250 stores would make. If we label that profit \begin{align*}x\end{align*}, then the ratio of profit to stores in that case is \begin{align*}\frac{x}{250}\end{align*}.

Since we’re assuming the profit is proportional to the number of stores, the ratios are equal and our proportion is \begin{align*}\frac{1,200,000}{60} = \frac{x}{250}\end{align*}.

(Note that we can drop the units – not because they are the same in the numerator and denominator, but because they are the same on both sides of the equation.)

To solve this equation, first we simplify the left-hand fraction to get \begin{align*}20,000 = \frac{x}{250}\end{align*}. Then we multiply both sides by 250 to get \begin{align*}5,000,000 = x\end{align*}.

If the chain operated 250 stores, the annual profit would be 5 million dollars.

#### Solve Proportions Using Cross Products

One neat way to simplify proportions is to cross multiply. Consider the following proportion:

\begin{align*}\frac{16}{4} = \frac{20}{5}\end{align*}

If we want to eliminate the fractions, we could multiply both sides by 4 and then multiply both sides by 5. But suppose we just do both at once?

\begin{align*} 4 \times 5 \times \frac{16}{4} &= 4 \times 5 \times \frac{20}{5}\\ 5 \times 16 &= 4 \times 20\end{align*}

Now comparing this to the proportion we started with, we see that the denominator from the left hand side ends up being multiplied by the numerator on the right hand side. You can also see that the denominator from the right hand side ends up multiplying the numerator on the left hand side.

In effect the two denominators have multiplied across the equal sign:

becomes \begin{align*}5 \times 16 = 4 \times 20\end{align*}.

This movement of denominators is known as cross multiplying. It is extremely useful in solving proportions, especially when the unknown variable is in the denominator.

#### Solving for Unknown Values

1. Solve this proportion for \begin{align*}x\end{align*}: \begin{align*}\frac{4}{3} = \frac{9}{x}\end{align*}

Cross multiply to get \begin{align*}4x = 9 \times 3\end{align*}, or \begin{align*}4x = 27\end{align*}. Then divide both sides by 4 to get \begin{align*}x = \frac{27}{4}\end{align*}, or \begin{align*}x = 6.75\end{align*}.

2. Solve the following proportion for \begin{align*}x\end{align*}: \begin{align*}\frac{0.5}{3} = \frac{56}{x}\end{align*}

Cross multiply to get \begin{align*}0.5x = 56 \times 3\end{align*}, or \begin{align*}0.5x = 168.\end{align*} Then divide both sides by 0.5 to get \begin{align*}x = 336.\end{align*}

#### Solve Real-World Problems Using Proportions

1. A cross-country train travels at a steady speed. It covers 15 miles in 20 minutes. How far will it travel in 7 hours assuming it continues at the same speed?

We’ve done speed problems before; remember that speed is just the ratio \begin{align*}\frac{\text{distance}}{\text{time}}\end{align*}, so that ratio is the one we’ll use for our proportion. We can see that the speed is \begin{align*}\frac{15 \ miles}{20 \ minutes}\end{align*}, and that speed is also equal to \begin{align*}\frac{x \ miles}{7 \ hours}\end{align*}.

To set up a proportion, we first have to get the units the same. 20 minutes is \begin{align*}\frac{1}{3}\end{align*} of an hour, so our proportion will be \begin{align*}\frac{15}{\frac{1}{3}} = \frac{x}{7}\end{align*}. This is a very awkward looking ratio, but since we’ll be cross multiplying, we can leave it as it is.

Cross multiplying gives us \begin{align*}7 \times 15 = \frac{1}{3}x\end{align*}. Multiplying both sides by 3 then gives us \begin{align*}3 \times 7 \times 15 = x\end{align*}, or \begin{align*}x = 315\end{align*}.

The train will travel 315 miles in 7 hours.

2. In the United Kingdom, Alzheimer’s disease is said to affect one in fifty people over 65 years of age. If approximately 250000 people over 65 are affected in the UK, how many people over 65 are there in total?

The fixed ratio in this case is the 1 person in 50. The unknown quantity \begin{align*}x\end{align*} is the total number of people over 65. Note that in this case we don’t need to include the units, as they will cancel between the numerator and denominator.

Our proportion is \begin{align*}\frac{1}{50} = \frac{250000}{x}\end{align*}. Each ratio represents

\begin{align*}\frac{\text{people with Alzheimer's}}{\text{total people}}\end{align*}.

Cross multiplying, we get \begin{align*}1 \cdot x = 250000 \cdot 50\end{align*}, or \begin{align*}x = 12,500,000\end{align*}.

There are approximately 12.5 million people over the age of 65 in the UK.

### Example

#### Example 1

A chemical company makes up batches of copper sulfate solution by adding 250 kg of copper sulfate powder to 1000 liters of water. A laboratory chemist wants to make a solution of identical concentration, but only needs 350 mL (0.35 liters) of solution. How much copper sulfate powder should the chemist add to the water?

The ratio of powder to water in the first case, in kilograms per liter, is \begin{align*}\frac{250}{1000}\end{align*}, which reduces to \begin{align*}\frac{1}{4}\end{align*}. In the second case, the unknown amount is how much powder to add. If we label that amount \begin{align*}x\end{align*}, the ratio is \begin{align*}\frac{x}{0.35}\end{align*}. So our proportion is \begin{align*}\frac{1}{4} = \frac{x}{0.35}\end{align*}.

To solve for \begin{align*}x\end{align*}, first we multiply both sides by 0.35 to get \begin{align*}\frac{0.35}{4}=x\end{align*}, or \begin{align*}x = 0.0875\end{align*}.

The mass of copper sulfate that the chemist should add is 0.0875 kg, or 87.5 grams.

### Review

Solve the following proportions.

1. \begin{align*}\frac{13}{6} = \frac{5}{x}\end{align*}
2. \begin{align*}\frac{1.25}{7} = \frac{3.6}{x}\end{align*}
3. \begin{align*}\frac{6}{19} = \frac{x}{11}\end{align*}
4. \begin{align*}\frac{1}{x} = \frac{0.01}{5}\end{align*}
5. \begin{align*}\frac{300}{4} = \frac{x}{99}\end{align*}
6. \begin{align*}\frac{2.75}{9} = \frac{x}{ \left( \frac{2}{9} \right )}\end{align*}
7. \begin{align*}\frac{1.3}{4} = \frac{x}{1.3}\end{align*}
8. \begin{align*}\frac{0.1}{1.01} = \frac{1.9}{x}\end{align*}
9. \begin{align*}\frac{5}{36} = \frac{x}{30}\end{align*}
10. \begin{align*}\frac{10}{3} = \frac{6.9}{x}\end{align*}

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