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# 6.9: Exponential Functions

Difficulty Level: At Grade Created by: CK-12
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Practice Graphs of Exponential Functions
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Roberta invested 600 into a mutual fund that paid 4% interest each year compounded annually. i) Complete a table showing the value of the mutual fund for the first five years. ii) Write an exponentail function of the form y=abx\begin{align*}y=a\cdot b^x\end{align*} to describe the value of the mutual fund. iii) Use the exponential function to determine the value of the mutual fund in 15 years. ### Watch This ### Guidance An exponential function is a function with a variable in the exponent. Two examples of exponential functions are shown below: y=2x\begin{align*}\boxed{y=2^x}\end{align*} y=(12)x\begin{align*}\boxed{y=\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^x}\end{align*} Here are some things to notice about the functions and their graphs: • The graph of y=2x\begin{align*}y=2^x\end{align*} is an increasing curve. It shows growth. • Each y-value of y=2x\begin{align*}y=2^x\end{align*} is 2 times the previous y-value (for the integer values of x). For example, the points on the graph go from (0, 1) to (1, 2) to (2, 4). The next point would be (3, 8). The y-values keep being multiplied by 2. • The graph of y=(12)x\begin{align*}y=\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^x\end{align*} is a decreasing curve. It shows decay. • Each y-value of y=(12)x\begin{align*}y=\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^x\end{align*} is 12\begin{align*}\frac{1}{2}\end{align*} the value of the previous y-value (for the integer values of x). For example, the points on the graph go from (0, 1) to (1,12)\begin{align*}(1, \frac{1}{2})\end{align*} to (2,14)\begin{align*}(2, \frac{1}{4})\end{align*}. The y-values keep being multiplied by 12\begin{align*}\frac{1}{2}\end{align*}. • Both graphs have a y-intercept of 1. This is because anything to the zero power is equal to 1. • The domain of each function is D={x|xεR}\begin{align*}D=\{x| x \varepsilon R\}\end{align*}. • The range for each function is R={y|y>0, yεR}\begin{align*}R=\{y | y>0, \ y \varepsilon R \}\end{align*}. Based on the above observations, you can deduce that an exponential function of the form y=abx\begin{align*}y=ab^x\end{align*} where b>0\begin{align*}b >0\end{align*} has the following properties: ##### Properties of an Exponential Function of the form y=abx (b>0)\begin{align*}y=ab^x \ (b>0)\end{align*} • b\begin{align*}b\end{align*}’ is the value of the common ratio. Within the function, as the x-value increases by 1, the y-value is multiplied by the common ratio. • If b>1\begin{align*}b>1\end{align*} then the curve will represent exponential growth. • If 0<b<1\begin{align*}0 then the curve will represent exponential decay. • Every exponential function of the form y=abx\begin{align*}y=ab^x\end{align*} will pass through the point (0,a)\begin{align*}(0, a)\end{align*}. a\begin{align*}a\end{align*} will always be the y-intercept of the function, or its value at time 0. • Every exponential function of the form y=abx\begin{align*}y=ab^x\end{align*} will have the domain and range: D={x|xεR} and R={y|y>0, yεR}\begin{align*}D=\{x| x \varepsilon R \} \ and \ R=\{y | y>0, \ y \varepsilon R \}\end{align*} #### Example A For the following tables of values that represent exponential functions, determine the common ratio: i) x0123 4y124816\begin{align*}&x \quad 0 \quad 1 \quad 2 \quad 3 \quad \ 4 \quad \cdots\\ &y \quad 1 \quad 2 \quad 4 \quad 8 \quad 16 \quad \cdots\end{align*} ii) x 01 23 4 y100502512.56.25\begin{align*}&x \quad \ 0 \qquad 1 \quad \ 2 \qquad 3 \qquad \ 4 \quad \ \cdots\\ & y \quad 100 \quad 50 \quad 25 \quad 12.5 \quad 6.25 \quad \cdots\end{align*} Solutions: i) The common ratio is a constant that is determined by tn+1tn\begin{align*}\frac{t_{n+1}}{t_n}\end{align*}. Therefore, the common ratio is r=tn+1tn\begin{align*}r=\frac{t_{n+1}}{t_n}\end{align*}. r=tn+1tn=21=2r=tn+1tn=42=2r=tn+1tn=84=2r=tn+1tn=168=2The common ratio is 2.\begin{align*}&r=\frac{t_{n+1}}{t_n}=\frac{2}{1}=2\\ &r=\frac{t_{n+1}}{t_n}=\frac{4}{2}=2\\ &r=\frac{t_{n+1}}{t_n}=\frac{8}{4}=2\\ &r=\frac{t_{n+1}}{t_n}=\frac{16}{8}=2\\ & \boxed{\text{The common ratio is} \ 2.}\end{align*} ii) The common ratio is a constant that is determined by \begin{align*}\frac{t_{n+1}}{t_n}\end{align*}. Therefore, the common ratio is \begin{align*}r=\frac{t_{n+1}}{t_n}\end{align*}. \begin{align*}&r=\frac{t_{n+1}}{t_n}\\ &r=\frac{50}{100}=\frac{1}{2}\\ &r=\frac{25}{50}=\frac{1}{2}\\ &r=\frac{12.5}{25}=\frac{1}{2}\\ &r=\frac{6.25}{12}=\frac{1}{2}\\ & \boxed{\text{The common ratio is } \frac{1}{2}.}\end{align*} #### Example B Using the exponential function \begin{align*}\boxed{f(x)=3^x}\end{align*}, determine the value of each of the following: i) \begin{align*}f(2)\end{align*} ii) \begin{align*}f(3)\end{align*} iii) \begin{align*}f(0)\end{align*} iv) \begin{align*}f(4)\end{align*} v) \begin{align*}f(-2)\end{align*} Solutions: \begin{align*}f(x)=3^x\end{align*} is another way to express \begin{align*}y=3^x\end{align*}. To determine the value of the function for the given values, replace the exponent with that value and evaluate the expression. i) \begin{align*}&f(x)=3^x\\ &f({\color{red}2})=3^{\color{red}2}\\ &f(2)={\color{red}9}\\ & \boxed{f(2)=9}\end{align*} ii) \begin{align*}&f(x)=3^x\\ &f({\color{red}3})=3^{\color{red}3}\\ &f(3)={\color{red}27}\\ & \boxed{f(3)=27}\end{align*} iii) \begin{align*}&f(x)=3^x\\ &f({\color{red}0})=3^{\color{red}0}\\ &f(0)={\color{red}1}\\ & \boxed{f(0)=1}\end{align*} iv) \begin{align*}&f(x)=3^x\\ &f({\color{red}4})=3^{\color{red}4}\\ &f(4)={\color{red}81}\\ & \boxed{f(4)=81}\end{align*} v) \begin{align*}&f(x)=3^x\\ &f({\color{red}-2})=3^{\color{red}-2}\\ &f(-2)={\color{red}\frac{1}{3^2}}\\ & \boxed{f(-2)=\frac{1}{9}}\end{align*} #### Example C On January 1, Juan invested1.00 at his bank at a rate of 10% interest compounded daily.

i) Create a table of values for the first 8 days of the investment.

ii) What is the common ratio?

iii) Determine the equation of the function that would best represent Juan’s investment.

iv) How much money will Juan have in his account on January 31?

v) If Juan had originally invested $100 instead of$1.00 at 10%, what exponential equation would describe the investment. How much money would he have in his account on January 31?

Solution:

i) \begin{align*}&1.00(.10)=0.10 && 1.10(.10)=0.11 && 1.21(.10)=0.12 && 1.33(.10)=0.13\\ &1.00+0.10=1.10 && 1.10+0.11=1.21 && 1.21+0.12=1.33 && 1.33+0.13=1.46\\ \\ &1.46(.10)=0.15 && 1.61(.10)=0.16 && 1.77(.10)=0.18 && 1.95(.10)=0.20\\ &1.46+0.15=1.61 && 1.61+0.16=1.77 && 1.77+0.18=1.95 && 1.95+0.20=2.15\end{align*}

\begin{align*}&\# \ \text{ of days} \qquad 0 \quad \ \ 1 \qquad 2 \qquad \ 3 \qquad \ 4 \qquad \ 5 \qquad \ 6 \qquad \ 7 \qquad \ 8\\ &\text{Money } (\) \qquad 1 \quad 1.10 \quad 1.21 \quad 1.33 \quad 1.46 \quad 1.61 \quad 1.77 \quad 1.95 \quad 2.15\end{align*}

ii) The common ratio is a constant that is determined by \begin{align*}\frac{t_{n+1}}{t_n}\end{align*}. Therefore, the common ratio for this problem is \begin{align*}r=\frac{t_{n+1}}{t_n} \rightarrow \frac{1.10}{1}=1.10 \rightarrow \frac{1.21}{1.10}=1.10 \rightarrow \frac{1.33}{1.21}=1.10\end{align*}.

The common ratio is \begin{align*}\boxed{1.10}\end{align*}.

iii) The equation of the function to model Juan’s investment is \begin{align*}y=1.10^x\end{align*}

iv)

\begin{align*}y=1.10^x \rightarrow y=1.10^{31} \rightarrow \boxed{y=\ 19.19}\end{align*}.

On January 31, Juan will have 19.19 in his account. v) \begin{align*}y&=100(1.10)^x\\ y&=100(1.10)^{31} \rightarrow y={\color{red}\1919.43} \rightarrow \boxed{y=\1919.43}.\end{align*} On January 31, Juan would have1919.43 in his account if he had invested $100 instead of$1.00.

#### Concept Problem Revisited

Roberta invested 600 into a mutual fund that paid 4% interest each year compounded annually. i) \begin{align*}& 600(.04)=24 && 624(.04)=24.96 && 648.96(.04)=25.96 \\ &600+24=624 && 624+24.96=648.96 && 648.96+25.96=674.92\\ \\ &674.92(.04)=27.00 && 701.92(.04)=28.07\\ &674.92+27.00=701.92 && 701.92+28.08=729.99\end{align*} \begin{align*}&\text{Time} \ (years) \ \ 0 \qquad 1 \qquad \ \ 2 \qquad \quad \ 3 \qquad \quad \ 4 \qquad \quad \ 5\\ &\text{Value (\)} \qquad 600 \quad 624 \quad 648.96 \quad 674.92 \quad 701.92 \quad 729.99\end{align*} ii) The initial value is600. The common ratio is 1.04 which represents the initial investment and the interest rate of 4%. The exponent is the time in years. The exponential function is \begin{align*}y=600(1.04)^x\end{align*} or \begin{align*}v=600(1.04)^t\end{align*}.

iii)

\begin{align*}&v=600(1.04)^t\\ &v=600(1.04)^{\color{red}15}\\ &v={\color{red}\1080.57}\\ &\boxed{v=\1080.57}\end{align*}

The value of the mutual fund in fifteen years will be 1080.57. ### Vocabulary Common Ratio The common ratio is the constant that exists between successive terms and is determined by applying the formula \begin{align*}r=\frac{t_{n+1}}{t_n}\end{align*}. In an exponential function of the form \begin{align*}y=b^x\end{align*}, ‘\begin{align*}b\end{align*}’ represents the common ratio. Decay Curve A decay curve is the name given to the graph of an exponential function in which the common ratio is such that \begin{align*}0 . The graph is decreasing since the value of the function falls as the value of ‘\begin{align*}x\end{align*}’ increases. The following shows a decay curve: Exponential Function An exponential function is a function \begin{align*}(y)\end{align*} of the form \begin{align*}y=b^x\end{align*}, where ‘\begin{align*}b\end{align*}’ is the common ratio and ‘\begin{align*}x\end{align*}’ is an exponent that represents the variable. Growth Curve A growth curve is the name given to the graph of an exponential function in which the common ratio is such that \begin{align*}b>1\end{align*}. The graph is increasing since the value of the function rises as the value of ‘\begin{align*}x\end{align*}’ increases. The following shows a growth curve: ### Guided Practice 1. The graph below shows the change in value of two comic books purchases in the year 2000. Both comics were expected to be good investments, but one of them did not perform as expected. Use the graphs to answer the questions. a) What was the purchase price of each comic book? b) Which comic book shows exponential growth? c) Which comic book shows exponential decay? d) In what year were both comic books equal in value? e) State the domain and range for each comic. 2. Paulette bought a Bobby Orr rookie card for300. The value of the card appreciates (increases) by 30% each year.

a) Complete a table of values to show the first five years of the investment.
b) Determine the common ratio for the successive terms.
c) Use technology to determine the equation of the exponential function that models this investment.

3. Due to the closure of the pulp and paper mill, the population of the small town is decreasing at a rate of 12% annually. If there are now 2400 people living in the town, what will the town's projected population be in eight years.

1. a) The purchase price of each comic book is the \begin{align*}y\end{align*}-intercept. The \begin{align*}y\end{align*}-intercept is the initial value of the books. The Spiderman comic book cost $30.00 and the Superman comic book cost$5.00.

b) The Superman comic book shows exponential growth.
c) The Spiderman comic book shows exponential decay.
d) In 2005 both comic books were equal in value. The graphs intersect at approximately (5, 12.50), where 5 represents five years after the books were purchased. e) The domain and range for each comic is \begin{align*}D=\{x| x \varepsilon R\}\end{align*} and \begin{align*}R=\{y|y>0, \ y \varepsilon R\}\end{align*} 2. \begin{align*}&300(.30)=90 && 390(.30)=117 && 507(.30)=152.10\\ &300+90=390 && 390+117=507 && 507+152.10=659.10\\ \\ &659.10(.30)=197.73 && 856.83(.30)=257.05\\ &659.10+197.73=856.83 && 856.83+257.05=1113.88\end{align*} a) \begin{align*}&\text{Time} \ (years) \ \ 0 \qquad 1 \qquad 2 \qquad \quad 3 \qquad \quad 4 \qquad \quad \ 5\\ &\text{Value (\)} \qquad 300 \quad 390 \quad 507 \quad 659.10 \quad 856.83 \quad 1113.88\end{align*} b) \begin{align*}&r=\frac{t_{n+1}}{t_n}\\ & r=\frac{390}{300}=1.3\\ & r=\frac{507}{390}=1.3\\ & r=\frac{659.10}{507}=1.3\\ & r=\frac{856.83}{659.10}=1.3\\ & r=\frac{1113.88}{856.83}=1.3\end{align*} c) The first step is to enter the ordered pairs from the table of values into the calculator by pressing STAT and ENTER L1 represents the time (years) and L2 represents the value ().
The second step is to press STAT cursor over to CALC and down to EXP REG
The exponential function that would model Paulette's investment is \begin{align*}\boxed{y=300(1.3)^x \ or \ v=300(1.3)^t}\end{align*}

3. The town's population is decreasing by 12% annually. The simplest way to use this in an exponential function is to use the percent by which the population is not decreasing – 88%.

Therefore, the exponential function would consist of the present population \begin{align*}(a)\end{align*}, the common ratio is 0.88 \begin{align*}(b)\end{align*} and the time in years would be the exponent \begin{align*}(x)\end{align*}. The function is \begin{align*}p=2400(0.88)^t\end{align*}
The population in eight years would be
\begin{align*}&p=2400(0.88)^t\\ &p=2400(0.88)^8\\ &p=863.123\\ &p \approx 863 \ people\end{align*}

### Practice

Brandon bought a car for 13 000. The value of the car depreciates by 20% each year. 1. Complete a table of values to show the car’s values for the first five years. 2. Use technology to determine the exponential function that would model the depreciation of Brandon’s car. For each of the following exponential functions, identify the common ratio, the \begin{align*}y\end{align*}-intercept, and tell if the function represents a growth or decay curve. 1. \begin{align*}y=4(5)^x\end{align*} 2. \begin{align*}y=13(2.3)^x\end{align*} 3. \begin{align*}y=0.85(0.16)^x\end{align*} 4. \begin{align*}y=1.6(0.5)^x\end{align*} 5. \begin{align*}y=0.4(2.1)^x\end{align*} Match each graph below with its corresponding equation: 1. \begin{align*}y=2^x\end{align*} 2. \begin{align*}y=3^x\end{align*} 3. \begin{align*}y=2(3)^x\end{align*} 4. \begin{align*}y=3(2)^x\end{align*} 5. Do these graphs represent growth or decay? 6. What is the \begin{align*}y\end{align*}-intercept of each function? Match each graph below with its corresponding equation: 1. \begin{align*}y=0.5^x\end{align*} 2. \begin{align*}y=0.2^x\end{align*} 3. \begin{align*}y=2(0.5)^x\end{align*} 4. \begin{align*}y=3(0.2)^x\end{align*} 5. Do these graphs represent growth or decay? 6. What is the \begin{align*}y\end{align*}-intercept of each function? 1. Jolene purchased a summer home for120,000 in 2002. If the property has consistently increased in value by 11% each year, what will be the value of her summer home in 2012?

### Vocabulary Language: English

Asymptotic

Asymptotic

A function is asymptotic to a given line if the given line is an asymptote of the function.
Exponential Function

Exponential Function

An exponential function is a function whose variable is in the exponent. The general form is $y=a \cdot b^{x-h}+k$.
grows without bound

grows without bound

If a function grows without bound, it has no limit (it stretches to $\infty$).
Horizontal Asymptote

Horizontal Asymptote

A horizontal asymptote is a horizontal line that indicates where a function flattens out as the independent variable gets very large or very small. A function may touch or pass through a horizontal asymptote.
Transformations

Transformations

Transformations are used to change the graph of a parent function into the graph of a more complex function.

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