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# 11.12: Integer Multiplication

Difficulty Level: Basic Created by: CK-12
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Remember the pen pal project?

Tyler’s pen pal Amelia is a member of Jafakids in Auckland New Zealand. Tyler loves mountain biking, particularly in New York in the summer. Through his letters with Amelia, he has discovered that Amelia is a member of a mountain biking group that meets daily in Auckland.

Amelia told him all about it in her last letter. She told him that Jafakids is a club that was started to promote fitness. You have to be 11 years old to join and everyday from 5:30 to 7:30 pm kids get a chance to go mountain biking. Some of the groups ride on some very difficult single track trails. Some of the kids decide to race and compete. This is Amelia’s first year and so she is still learning how to tackle some of the most challenging terrain.

“I ride a lot and love it,” Amelia wrote to Tyler. “Last week we were at a big park called Wood Hill Bike Park. It is over 100 kilometers long, and there are some difficult trails to ride. We went up to the top of this big hill. Our instructors told us that for every kilometer in altitude that we climbed, we would drop about $2^\circ$ in temperature. We ended up traveling 5 vertical kilometers.”

Tyler stopped reading the letter. He was puzzled. If the group had traveled 5 vertical kilometers, and it was $70^\circ$ when they started, what was the temperature when they stopped?

To figure this problem out, you will need to understand how to multiply integers. Pay close attention to this Concept and you will understand how to figure out the answer to Tyler’s question.

### Guidance

This Concept focuses on finding the products of integers.

What is a product?

A product is the answer of a multiplication problem. When we talk about products we are talking about multiplying integers. Remember that an integer is the set of whole numbers and their opposites.

Let’s look at finding the products of positive integers. What does it mean to multiply?

Remember that multiplication is repeated addition. When a value is being multiplied repeatedly, we can say that multiplication is a short cut for this repeated addition.

3(4) = ____

This means 3 times 4. A set of parentheses is a way to show multiplication. This means that four is being added three times.

4 + 4 + 4 = 12

We can find the product of any two positive integers just as we would multiply any two positive whole numbers.

What does it mean to multiply a positive and a negative integer?

When we multiply a positive and a negative integer, it means that the negative number is being added so many times. Once again, we have repeated addition.

6(-5) = ____

Here negative five is being added six times.

-5 + -5 + -5 + -5 + -5 + -5 = -30

We can write a rule for multiplying positive and negative integers based on these problems.

Does it matter if we write the positive number first or the negative number first?

No. It doesn’t matter because of the Commutative Property of Multiplication. You can check out a review of this property in the Vocabulary Review at the end of the Concept.

We can also find the product of two negative integers.

Let’s say that we wanted to multiply the following two negative integers.

(-5)(-2) = ____

We know that 5 times 2 is 10, but we don’t know what sign to use. Is the answer positive or negative?

Well, what happens if we multiply -5 and 0?

-5(0) = 0

What happens if we multiply -5 by 1?

-5(1) = -5

The answer is negative five. We already know that a negative times a positive is a negative.

What happens if we multiply -5 by 2?

-5(2) = -10

Notice that each time we multiply by a new digit in order, 0, 1, 2, we have a difference of five in our answer.

Here are the three products we just arrived at. These were the products of multiplying by 0, 1 and 2.

0, -5, -10

We can say that if we multiply by -1 and -2, our answer will go 5 the other way. These moved negative. If we multiply by the opposite sign, the values should move positive.

$-5(0) &= 0\\-5(-1) &= 5\\-5(-2) &= 10$

Here is the rule for multiplying two negative integers.

Now that you have learned how to multiply integers, you are ready to put this into practice when evaluating numerical and algebraic expressions.

You will need the rules for multiplying integers to evaluate expressions.

Positive $\times$ positive = positive

Negative $\times$ positive = negative

Negative $\times$ negative = positive

Let’s begin by evaluating numerical expressions.

A numerical expression is an expression that has multiple numbers and sometimes multiple operations. To evaluate a numerical expression involving integers, you will need to remember all of your integer rules and apply them as you work.

(-3)(-5) + (-2)(7)

In this problem, we have two operations, multiplication and addition.

Let’s begin with the multiplication. Remember that whenever you see two sets of parentheses next to each other that it means that we need to multiply. Let’s multiply each part of the expression.

$(-3)(-5) &= 15\\(-2)(7) &= -14$

Now we can add these products.

15 + -14 = 1

Numerical expressions can take many different forms too. The key is that there are often more than two numbers and at least two operations.

-2(-5 + -3 + 6)

Here we need to find a sum inside of the parentheses and then multiply this sum by negative two.

$-5 + -3 + 6 = -8 + 6 &= -2\\-2(-2) &= 4$

Now that you can find products, you can evaluate expressions. Let's begin by evaluating numerical expressions.

A numerical expression is an expression that has multiple numbers and sometimes multiple operations. To evaluate a numerical expression involving integers, you will need to remember all of your integer rules and apply them as you work.

(-3)(-5) + (-2)(7)

In this problem, we have two operations, multiplication and addition.

Let’s begin with the multiplication. Remember that whenever you see two sets of parentheses next to each other that it means that we need to multiply. Let’s multiply each part of the expression.

$(-3)(-5) &= 15\\(-2)(7) &= -14$

Now we can add these products.

15 + -14 = 1

Numerical expressions can take many different forms too. The key is that there are often more than two numbers and at least two operations.

We can also evaluate algebraic expressions. What is an algebraic expression?

An algebraic expression uses a combination of numbers, operations and variables. When you evaluate an algebraic expression you are often given a value for the variable. You substitute this value into the expression for the variable and then evaluate the expression.

$-4(10x) \ when \ x = 3$

To evaluate this expression, we have to substitute the given value of $x$ into the expression. Remember that a number next to a variable means multiply.

$&-4(10 \times 3)\\&-4(30)$

Next, we multiply negative four by thirty.

-4(30) = -120

Practice a few of these on your own. Find each product.

-9(-8) = ____

Solution: 72

(4)(-12) = ____

Solution: -48

#### Example C

(5)(13) = ____

Solution: 65

Now let's go back to the Jafakids.

Here is the original problem once again.

Tyler’s pen pal Amelia is a member of Jafakids in Auckland New Zealand. Tyler loves mountain biking, particularly in upstate New York in Summer. Through his letters with Amelia, he has discovered that Amelia is a member of a mountain biking group that meets daily in Auckland.

Amelia told him all about it in her last letter. She told him that Jafakids is a club that was started to promote fitness. You have to be 11 years old to join and everyday from 5:30 to 7:30 pm kids get a chance to go mountain biking. Some of the groups ride on some very difficult single track trails. Some of the kids decide to race and compete. This is Amelia’s first year and so she is still learning how to tackle some of the most challenging terrain.

“I ride a lot and love it,” Amelia wrote to Tyler. “Last week we were at a big park called Wood Hill Bike Park. It is over 100 kilometers long and there are some difficult trails to ride. We went up to the top of this big hill. Our instructors told us that for every kilometer in altitude that we climbed, we would drop about $2^\circ$ in temperature. We ended up traveling 5 vertical kilometers.”

Tyler stopped reading the letter. He was puzzled. If the group climbed 5 kilometers, and it was $70^\circ$ when they started, what was the temperature when they stopped?

First, let’s think about the integers that we have here.

For every kilometer, there is a $2^\circ$ drop in temperature. So we can say that $1 \ km(-2) = -2^\circ$ drop.

The group traveled 5 kilometers, so we can take the 5 kilometers and multiply the distance by the number of degrees dropped per kilometer.

$5(-2) = -10^\circ$

It was $70^\circ$ when they started.

$70 + -10 = 60^\circ$

It was $60^\circ$ when the group stopped their climb.

### Vocabulary

Here are the vocabulary words in this Concept.

Product
the result of a multiplication problem.
Integers
the set of whole numbers and their opposites.
Commutative Property of Multiplication
a property that states that it doesn’t matter which order you multiply terms. The product will be the same. $ab = ba$

### Guided Practice

Here is one for you to try on your own.

(9)(-6)(5) = _____

To find the product, we multiply the terms in order from left to right.

(9)(-6) = -54

(-54)(5) = -270

### Video Review

Here are videos for review.

### Practice

Directions: Multiply each pair of integers to find a product.

1. (-7)(-8)

2. -3(4)

3. 5(8)

4. (-3)(-9)

5. 6(12)

6. -9(-9)

7. 8(-4)

8. -7(-2)

9. -7(-3)

10. 15(-2)

11. -15(2)

12. -2(-15)

13. 12(-5)

14. (-11)(-7)

15. (-4)(-5)

16. (-8)(-11)

17. (2)(-3)

18. -5(7)

19. -13(-2)

20. 14(2)

Directions: Evaluate each numerical expression.

21. (-9)(2)(-1)

22. (-3)(2)(-4)

23. (-5)(9)(-1)

24. (8)(-9)(-2)

25. (2)(-3)(-5)

Basic

Oct 29, 2012

Aug 18, 2014