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# 11.8: Surveys and Data Displays

Created by: CK-12

## Introduction

The Bedtime Survey

Kelly is wishing for a new bedtime. Her parents insist that she heads to bed at 9 pm each night and Kelly wants to go to bed at 9:30 pm. After a long argument, she decides to conduct a survey of the other kids in her class to figure out how many kids go to bed at 9 pm, 9:30 pm and 10 pm or later. She tells her penpal Justin about her plan and he decides to conduct the same survey in New Zealand.

Kelly is excited. Maybe with enough data from two different countries, her parents will allow her to change her bedtime. Kelly writes up the survey and asks the 25 students in her class to participate. She asks Justin to survey 25 students as well so that their data can be easily compared. If they survey different numbers of students, it will be more challenging to compare the data.

Here are Kelly’s results.

9 pm = 7 students

9:30 pm = 12 students

10 pm or later = 6 students

Justin conducts a survey and emails Kelly the results. Here is what he discovered.

9 pm = 2 students

9:30 pm = 7 students

10 pm or later = 16 students

Kelly is amazed that most of the students that Justin surveyed go to bed at 10 pm or later. She knows that will never fly with her parents, but she might have collected enough evidence to get to 9:30 pm.

Next, Kelly wants to create a display to show her parents. She wishes to create two different displays-one to show her data alone and one to show her data compared with Justin’s data. Kelly isn’t sure how to go about it. This is where you come in-learning about data displays is the focus of this lesson. With your help Kelly will be able to complete her task!

What You Will Learn

In this lesson, you will learn how to do the following:

• Collect and organize real-world survey data.
• Choose an appropriate data display.
• Distinguish which data displays are more effective for a specific purpose.
• Analyze and interpret statistical survey data.

Teaching Time

I. Collect and Organize Real-World Survey Data

A survey is a way of collecting data based on personal information given by individuals. Oftentimes, a survey can be taken to learn personal preferences. Surveys are done all the time. They are done at schools, by businesses, even by the government. Sometimes, television companies conduct surveys to figure out the television preferences of their viewers.

A survey is one method of working with statistics. Statistics involve collecting, analyzing and displaying data. In the introduction problem, Kelly and Justin conducted a real-world survey.

Let’s look at some of what they did to conduct the survey.

1. They decided on a question. Their question had to do with bedtimes. They asked students “What time do you go to bed at night?”
2. Next, they chose parameters. Parameters are boundaries. They chose three bedtimes for students to choose from. If the boundaries had been left open, Kelly and Justin might have had so many different responses that it would have been difficult to organize and analyze the data. They left the last category a bit more open-10 pm or later to cover anyone who did not specifically fit in one of the other spots.
3. Then they conducted the survey and collected the data.
4. After finishing the survey, it is time to select a way to display the data. There are many different ways to display data in a visual way. Each way has a different purpose. By becoming familiar with the different ways to display data, a person can choose the one that best serves his/her purpose.

II. Choose an Appropriate Data Display

Now that the survey has been conducted, it is time to choose a data display. When creating a display, there are different ways to show data.

As Kelly thinks about the different ways to display data, she thinks that she wants to create two different displays.

The first one will show only her data and will be a circle graph.

The second one will show her data and Justin’s and will be a double bar graph.

Are these good choices? Kelly isn’t sure. Let’s think about each type of data display and how Kelly can show her survey results.

III. Distinguish Which Data Displays are More Effective for a Specific Purpose

Kelly wants to select the method that best serves her purpose. Let’s look at some of the ways to display data and then think about Kelly’s survey and which way might help her accomplish getting a later bedtime.

Ways to Display Data

1. Bar Graph – A bar graph displays the frequency of data or how often data occurs.

Kelly wants to show that many students have a later bedtime than she does. Given this information, a bar graph might be a possible way for Kelly to display her individual data without including Justin’s data.

2. Double Bar Graph – Compares the frequency of two sets of data.

When Kelly creates a display to show her data and Justin’s data, a double bar graph is a way to show both sets of data in the same spot. Given this, a double bar graph is a possible option.

3. Line Graph – shows how data changes over time.

Kelly did not conduct a survey to address how bedtimes changed over time. She conducted a survey to count the how many of her peers had each bedtime. She wants to prove that many students have a later bedtime than she does, so she should also have a later bedtime. Given her goal, a line graph is NOT a good option for Kelly.

4. Double Line Graph – compares how two sets of data change over time.

Given Kelly’s goal and the way that the survey was conducted, this is not an option for Kelly.

5. Circle Graph – shows a percentage out of a whole.

If Kelly was to change her data to show the percentage of students with each bedtime, she could probably prove to her parents that many students have a later bedtime than she does. This could be an excellent option for Kelly.

Kelly’s selections will work.

She can create a circle graph to show her survey alone and a double bar graph to show her survey data and Justin’s.

IV. Analyze and Interpret Statistical Survey Data

Now that Kelly has chosen her two displays, she needs to analyze and interpret her data. First, to create a circle graph, Kelly needs to write her data in terms of percentages. She will need to change each amount of the whole to a percentage for the work to make sense.

Let’s look at the survey results once again.

Kelly surveyed 25 students.

7 students have a 9 pm bedtime.

12 students have a 9:30 pm bedtime.

6 students have a bedtime that is 10 pm or later.

To convert this data to percentages, Kelly first needs to write a fraction for each bedtime.

$\frac{7}{25} =$ 9 pm bedtime

$\frac{12}{25} =$ 9:30 bedtime

$\frac{6}{25} =$ 10 pm or later bedtime

Next, Kelly needs to change each fraction to a %. To do this, she can rewrite each fraction as an equal fraction out of 100.

$\frac{7}{25} &= \frac{28}{100} = 28 \%\\\frac{12}{25} &= \frac{48}{100}=48 \%\\ \frac{6}{25} &= \frac{24}{100}=24 \%$

Now Kelly has percentages, and she can create her circle graph.

What about the double bar graph?

To do this, she can create two axes. On the $x$ axis, Kelly can show the two surveys – hers and Justin’s. Each bar will show a bedtime. Kelly’s results will be in one color and Justin’s in another color. Then the $y$ axis will show the numbers of students surveyed.

With a double bar graph Kelly can use the actual numbers. She doesn’t need to convert any numbers to fractions or percentages.

Now let’s revisit the original problem and create some data displays.

## Real Life Example Completed

The Bedtime Survey

Here is the original problem once again. Reread it before beginning.

Kelly is wishing for a new bedtime. Her parents insist that she heads to bed at 9 pm each night and Kelly wants to go to bed at 9:30 pm. After a long argument, she decides to conduct a survey of the other kids in her class to figure out how many kids go to bed at 9 pm, 9:30 pm and 10 pm or later. She tells her penpal Justin about her plan and he decides to conduct the same survey in New Zealand.

Kelly is excited. Maybe with enough data from two different countries, her parents will allow her to change her bedtime. Kelly writes up the survey and asks the 25 students in her class to participate. She asks Justin to survey 25 students as well so that their data can be easily compared. If they survey different numbers of students, it will be more challenging to compare the data.

Here are Kelly’s results.

9 pm = 7 students

9:30 pm = 12 students

10 pm or later = 6 students

Justin conducts a survey and emails Kelly the results. Here is what he discovered.

9 pm = 2 students

9:30 pm = 7 students

10 pm or later = 16 students

Kelly is amazed that most of the students that Justin surveyed go to bed at 10 pm or later. She knows that will never fly with her parents, but she might have collected enough evidence to get to 9:30 pm.

Based on this lesson, Kelly has decided to create two displays. First, she will create a circle graph to show her data in terms of percentages. Then, she will create a double bar graph to show her data in relationship to Justin’s data.

She hopes that her data will help her to prove to her parents that 9:30 is a reasonable bedtime.

Here is Kelly’s data for the circle graph.

$\frac{7}{25} &= \frac{28}{100} = 28\%\\\frac{12}{25} &= \frac{48}{100}=48\%\\ \frac{6}{25} &= \frac{24}{100}=24\%$

Next, she can use these percentages and draw them into a circle graph. Remember that a circle graph shows data out of 100%, so Kelly’s data is right on target.

Next, Kelly creates a double bar graph to show her data in comparison to Justin’s. Here is the double bar graph.

Based on these two displays, discuss with a partner whether or not you think Kelly’s parents will grant her wish for a later bedtime. Be sure to explain your thinking by citing examples and evidence from the two surveys.

## Vocabulary

Here are the vocabulary words that are found in this lesson.

Survey
a method of collecting data where you ask a sample of people the same question. You create options for answers and then gather the data to create a display.
Statistics
the method of collecting, analyzing and displaying data.

## Time to Practice

Directions: Select the best display for each description of data. Choose from circle graph, line graph, double line graph, bar graph or double bar graph.

1. The percentages of people who enjoy ice cream
2. How stamp prices have changed over time
3. How stamp prices changed in 1996 and in 1998.
4. The number of students who attended college in 1990, 1991, and 1992
5. The percentages of people who prefer chocolate, vanilla or strawberry ice cream.
6. The changes in prices at one movie theater over a period of three years.
7. The changes in prices at two different movie theaters over a period of three years.
8. A graph showing how sales had declined during the past month
9. A graph showing the number of students with perfect attendance during the past three months.
10. A graph showing the number of students with perfect attendance at two different schools during the past three months.

Feb 22, 2012

Dec 10, 2014