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# 4.2: Exact Values for Inverse Sine, Cosine, and Tangent

Difficulty Level: At Grade Created by: CK-12
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Practice Exact Values for Inverse Sine, Cosine, and Tangent
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You are working with a triangular brace in shop class. The brace is a right triangle, and the length of one side of the bracket is 31.732\begin{align*}\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732\end{align*} and it is connected to the other side at a right angle. The length of the other side is 1\begin{align*}1\end{align*}. You need to find the angle that the third piece makes with the first piece, labelled below as "C":

Can you find the angle between the legs of the brace?

By the time you finish reading this Concept, you'll be able to answer this question.

### Guidance

Inverse trig functions can be useful in a variety of math problems for finding angles that you need to know. In many cases, such as angles involving multiples of 30,60\begin{align*}30^\circ, 60^\circ\end{align*} and 90\begin{align*}90^\circ\end{align*}, the values of trig functions are often memorized, since they are used so often.

Recall the unit circle and the critical values. With the inverse trigonometric functions, you can find the angle value (in either radians or degrees) when given the ratio and function. Make sure that you find all solutions within the given interval.

#### Example A

Find the exact value of the expression without a calculator, in [0,2π)\begin{align*}[0, 2\pi)\end{align*}.

sin1(32)\begin{align*}\sin^{-1} \left ( -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \right )\end{align*}

Solution: This is a value from the special right triangles and the unit circle.

Recall that 32\begin{align*}-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\end{align*} is from the 306090\begin{align*}30-60-90\end{align*} triangle. The reference angle for sin\begin{align*}\sin\end{align*} and 32\begin{align*}\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\end{align*} would be 60\begin{align*}60^\circ\end{align*}. Because this is sine and it is negative, it must be in the third or fourth quadrant. The answer is either 4π3\begin{align*}\frac{4\pi}{3}\end{align*} or 5π3\begin{align*}\frac{5\pi}{3}\end{align*}.

#### Example B

Find the exact value of the expression without a calculator, in [0,2π)\begin{align*}[0, 2\pi)\end{align*}.

cos1(22)\begin{align*}\cos^{-1} \left ( -\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \right )\end{align*}

Solution: This is a value from the special right triangles and the unit circle.

22\begin{align*}-\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\end{align*} is from an isosceles right triangle. The reference angle is then 45\begin{align*}45^\circ\end{align*}. Because this is cosine and negative, the angle must be in either the second or third quadrant. The answer is either 3π4\begin{align*}\frac{3\pi}{4}\end{align*} or 5π4\begin{align*}\frac{5\pi}{4}\end{align*}.

#### Example C

Find the exact value of the expression without a calculator, in [0,2π)\begin{align*}[0, 2\pi)\end{align*}.

tan13\begin{align*}\tan^{-1} \sqrt{3}\end{align*}

Solution: This is a value from the special right triangles and the unit circle.

3\begin{align*}\sqrt{3}\end{align*} is also from a 306090\begin{align*}30-60-90\end{align*} triangle. Tangent is 3\begin{align*}\sqrt{3}\end{align*} for the reference angle 60\begin{align*}60^\circ\end{align*}. Tangent is positive in the first and third quadrants, so the answer would be π3\begin{align*}\frac{\pi}{3}\end{align*} or 4π3\begin{align*}\frac{4\pi}{3}\end{align*}.

### Vocabulary

Trigonometric Inverse: The trigonometric inverse is a function that undoes a trig function to give the original argument of the function. It can also be used to find an angle from the ratio of two sides.

### Guided Practice

1. Find the exact value of the inverse function of cos1(0)\begin{align*}\cos^{-1}(0)\end{align*}, without a calculator in [0,2π)\begin{align*}[0, 2\pi)\end{align*}

2. Find the exact value of the inverse function of tan1(3)\begin{align*}\tan^{-1} \left ( -\sqrt{3} \right )\end{align*}, without a calculator in [0,2π)\begin{align*}[0, 2\pi)\end{align*}

3. Find the exact value of the inverse function of sin1(12)\begin{align*}\sin^{-1}\left ( -\frac{1}{2} \right )\end{align*}, without a calculator in [0,2π)\begin{align*}[0, 2\pi)\end{align*}

Solutions:

1. π2,3π2\begin{align*}\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{3\pi}{2}\end{align*}

2. 2π3,5π3\begin{align*}\frac{2\pi}{3}, \frac{5\pi}{3}\end{align*}

3. 11π6,7π6\begin{align*}\frac{11\pi}{6}, \frac{7\pi}{6}\end{align*}

### Concept Problem Solution

Using your knowledge of the values of trig functions for angles, you can work backward to find the angle that the brace makes:

tanC=13tan1C=tan113C=60\begin{align*} \tan C = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\\ \tan^{-1} C = \tan^{-1} \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\\ C = 60^\circ\\ \end{align*}

### Practice

Find the exact value of each expression without a calculator, in [0,2π)\begin{align*}[0, 2\pi)\end{align*}.

1. sin1(22)\begin{align*}\sin^{-1} \left ( \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \right )\end{align*}
2. cos1(12)\begin{align*}\cos^{-1} \left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )\end{align*}
3. sin1(1)\begin{align*}\sin^{-1} \left ( 1 \right )\end{align*}
4. cos1(32)\begin{align*}\cos^{-1} \left (-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \right )\end{align*}
5. tan1(33)\begin{align*}\tan^{-1} \left (-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3} \right )\end{align*}
6. tan1(1)\begin{align*}\tan^{-1} \left (-1 \right )\end{align*}
7. sin1(32)\begin{align*}\sin^{-1} \left ( \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \right )\end{align*}
8. cos1(22)\begin{align*}\cos^{-1} \left ( \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \right )\end{align*}
9. csc1(2)\begin{align*}\csc^{-1} \left ( \sqrt{2} \right )\end{align*}
10. sec1(2)\begin{align*}\sec^{-1} \left ( -2 \right )\end{align*}
11. cot1(33)\begin{align*}\cot^{-1} \left ( \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3} \right )\end{align*}
12. sec1(232)\begin{align*}\sec^{-1} \left ( \frac{2\sqrt{3}}{2} \right )\end{align*}
13. \begin{align*}\csc^{-1} \left ( -\frac{2\sqrt{3}}{2} \right )\end{align*}
14. \begin{align*}\cot^{-1} \left ( -\sqrt{3} \right )\end{align*}
15. \begin{align*}\cot^{-1} \left ( -1 \right )\end{align*}

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### Vocabulary Language: English

Trigonometric Inverse

A trigonometric inverse is a function that undoes a trigonometric function to give the original argument of the function. It can also be used to find a missing angle of a triangle from the ratio of two sides of the triangle.

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