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# Density

## Ratio of the mass of an object to its volume.

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Density

Credit: Tony Hisgett (Flickr:ahisgett)
Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/hisgett/220279395/

#### How do logs stay afloat in water?

After trees are cut, logging companies often move these materials down a river to a sawmill where they can be shaped into building materials or other products.  The logs float on the water because they are less dense than the water they are in.  Knowledge of density is important in the characterization and separation of materials.  Information about density allows us to make predictions about the behavior of matter.

### Density

A golf ball and a table tennis ball are about the same size. However, the golf ball is much heavier than the table tennis ball. Now imagine a similar size ball made out of lead. That would be very heavy indeed! What are we comparing? By comparing the mass of an object relative to its size, we are studying a property called density. Density is the ratio of the mass of an object to its volume.

Density=massvolume

Density is an intensive property, meaning that it does not depend on the amount of material present in the sample. Water has a density of 1.0 g/mL. That density is the same whether you have a small glass of water or a swimming pool full of water. Density is a property that is constant for the particular identity of the matter being studied.

The SI units of density are kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3), since the kg and the m are the SI units for mass and length respectively. In everyday usage in a laboratory, this unit is awkwardly large. Most solids and liquids have densities that are conveniently expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3). Since a cubic centimeter is equal to a milliliter, density units can also be expressed as g/mL. Gases are much less dense than solids and liquids, so their densities are often reported in g/L. Densities of some common substances at 20°C are listed in the Table below.

 Liquids and Solids Density at 20°C (g/ml) Gases Density at 20°C (g/L) Ethanol 0.79 Hydrogen 0.084 Ice (0°C) 0.917 Helium 0.166 Corn oil 0.922 Air 1.20 Water 0.998 Oxygen 1.33 Water (4°C) 1.000 Carbon dioxide 1.83 Corn syrup 1.36 Radon 9.23 Aluminum 2.70 Copper 8.92 Lead 11.35 Mercury 13.6 Gold 19.3

Since most materials expand as temperature increases, the density of a substance is temperature dependent and usually decreases as temperature increases.

You know that ice floats in water and it can be seen from the table that ice is less dense. Alternatively, corn syrup, being denser, would sink if placed into water.

#### Sample Problem: Density Calculations

An 18.2 g sample of zinc metal has a volume of 2.55 cm3. Calculate the density of zinc.

Step 1: List the known quantities and plan the problem.

Known

• mass = 18.2 g
• volume = 2.55 cm3

Unknown

• density = ? g/cm3

Use the equation for density, D=mV\begin{align*}D = \frac{m}{V}\end{align*}, to solve the problem.

Step 2: Calculate

D=mV=18.2 g2.55 cm3=7.14 g/cm3\begin{align*}D=\frac{m}{V}=\frac{18.2 \ \text{g}}{2.55 \ \text{cm}^3}=7.14 \ \text{g}/\text{cm}^3\end{align*}

If 1 cm3 of zinc has a mass of about 7 grams, then 2 and a half cm3 will have a mass about 2 and a half times as great. Metals are expected to have a density greater than that of water and zinc’s density falls within the range of the other metals listed above

Since density values are known for many substances, density can be used to determine an unknown mass or an unknown volume. Dimensional analysis will be used to ensure that units cancel appropriately.

#### Sample Problem: Using Density to Determine Mass and Volume

1. What is the mass of 2.49 cm3 of aluminum?
2. What is the volume of 50.0 g of aluminum?

Step 1: List the known quantities and plan the problem.

Known

• density = 2.70 g/cm3
• 1. volume = 2.49 cm3
• 2. mass = 50.0 g

Unknown

• 1. mass = ? g
• 2. volume = ? cm3

Use the equation for density, D=mV\begin{align*}D = \frac{m}{V}\end{align*}, and dimensional analysis to solve each problem.

Step 2: Calculate

1. 2.49 cm3×2.70 g1 cm3=6.72 g\begin{align*}2.49 \ \text{cm}^3 \times \frac{2.70 \ \text{g}}{1 \ \text{cm}^3}=6.72 \ \text{g}\end{align*}
2. 50.0 g×1 cm32.70 g=18.5 cm3\begin{align*}50.0 \ \text{g} \times \frac{1 \ \text{cm}^3}{2.70 \ \text{g}}=18.5 \ \text{cm}^3\end{align*}

In problem 1, the mass is equal to the density multiplied by the volume. In problem 2, the volume is equal to the mass divided by the density.

Because a mass of 1 cm3 of aluminum is 2.70 g, the mass of about 2.5 cm3 should be about 2.5 times larger. The 50 g of aluminum is substantially more than its density, so that amount should occupy a relatively large volume.

#### Summary

• Density is the ratio of the mass of an object to its volume.
• Gases are less dense that either solids or liquids
• Both liquid and solid materials can have a variety of densities
• For liquids and gases, the temperature will affect the density to some extent.

#### Practice

You can perform a density experiment to identify a mystery object online. Find this simulation at

#### Review

Questions

1. Define “density.”
2. Are gases more or less dense that liquids or solids at room temperature?
3. How does temperature affect the density of a material?
4. A certain liquid sample has a volume of 14.7 mL and a mass of 22.8 grams. Calculate the density.
5. A material with a density of 2.7 grams/mL occupies 35.6 mL. How many grams of the material are there?
6. A certain material has a density of 19.3 g/mL. What is the material?