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# Sine, Cosine, Tangent

## Trigonometric ratios based on sides of right triangles in relation to an angle.

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Sine, Cosine, Tangent

### Sine, Cosine, and Tangent

Trigonometry is the study of the relationships between the sides and angles of right triangles. The legs are called adjacent or opposite depending on which acute angle is being used.

\begin{align*}& a \ \text{is} \ adjacent \ \text{to} \ \angle B \qquad \ a \ \text{is} \ opposite \ \angle A\\ & b \ \text{is} \ adjacent \ \text{to} \ \angle A \qquad \ b \ \text{is} \ opposite \ \angle B\\ & c \ \text{is the} \ hypotenuse\end{align*}

The three basic trigonometric ratios are called sine, cosine and tangent. For right triangle \begin{align*}\triangle ABC\end{align*}, we have:

Sine Ratio: \begin{align*}\frac{opposite \ leg }{hypotenuse} \ \sin A = \frac{a}{c}\end{align*} or \begin{align*}\sin B = \frac{b}{c}\end{align*}

Cosine Ratio: \begin{align*}\frac{adjacent \ leg}{hypotenuse} \ \cos A = \frac{b}{c}\end{align*} or \begin{align*}\cos B = \frac{a}{c}\end{align*}

Tangent Ratio: \begin{align*}\frac{opposite \ leg}{adjacent \ leg} \ \tan A = \frac{a}{b}\end{align*} or \begin{align*}\tan B = \frac{b}{a}\end{align*}

An easy way to remember ratios is to use SOH-CAH-TOA.

A few important points:

• Always reduce ratios (fractions) when you can.
• Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the missing side (if there is one).
• If there is a radical in the denominator, rationalize the denominator.

What if you were given a right triangle and told that its sides measure 3, 4, and 5 inches? How could you find the sine, cosine, and tangent of one of the triangle's non-right angles?

### Examples

#### Example 1

Find the sine, cosine and tangent ratios of \begin{align*}\angle A\end{align*}.

First, we need to use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the length of the hypotenuse.

\begin{align*}5^2 + 12^2 &= c^2\\ 13 &= c\\ \sin A &= \frac{leg \ opposite \ \angle A}{hypotenuse} = \frac{12}{13} && \cos A = \frac{leg \ adjacent \ to \ \angle A}{hypotenuse}= \frac{5}{13},\\ \tan A &= \frac{leg \ opposite \ \angle A}{leg \ adjacent \ to \ \angle A}= \frac{12}{5}\end{align*}

#### Example 2

Find the sine, cosine, and tangent of \begin{align*}\angle B\end{align*}.

Find the length of the missing side.

\begin{align*}AC^2 + 5^2 &= 15^2\\ AC^2 &= 200\\ AC &= 10 \sqrt{2}\\ \sin B &= \frac{10 \sqrt{2}}{15} = \frac{2 \sqrt{2}}{3} && \cos B = \frac{5}{15}=\frac{1}{3} && \tan B = \frac{10 \sqrt{2}}{5} = 2 \sqrt{2}\end{align*}

#### Example 3

Find the sine, cosine and tangent of \begin{align*}30^\circ\end{align*}.

This is a 30-60-90 triangle. The short leg is 6, \begin{align*}y = 6 \sqrt{3}\end{align*} and \begin{align*}x=12\end{align*}.

\begin{align*}\sin 30^\circ = \frac{6}{12} = \frac{1}{2} && \cos 30^\circ = \frac{6 \sqrt{3}}{12} = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} && \tan 30^\circ = \frac{6}{6 \sqrt{3}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{3}} = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}\end{align*}

#### Example 4

What is \begin{align*}\sin A\end{align*}\begin{align*}\cos A\end{align*}, and \begin{align*}\tan A\end{align*}?

\begin{align*}\sin A=\frac{16}{20}=\frac{4}{5}\end{align*}

\begin{align*} \cos A=\frac{12}{20}=\frac{3}{5}\end{align*}

\begin{align*} \tan A=\frac{16}{12}=\frac{4}{3}\end{align*}

### Review

Use the diagram to fill in the blanks below.

1. \begin{align*}\tan D = \frac{?}{?}\end{align*}
2. \begin{align*}\sin F = \frac{?}{?}\end{align*}
3. \begin{align*}\tan F = \frac{?}{?}\end{align*}
4. \begin{align*}\cos F = \frac{?}{?}\end{align*}
5. \begin{align*}\sin D = \frac{?}{?}\end{align*}
6. \begin{align*}\cos D = \frac{?}{?}\end{align*}

From questions 1-6, we can conclude the following. Fill in the blanks.

1. \begin{align*}\cos \underline{\;\;\;\;\;\;\;} = \sin F\end{align*} and \begin{align*}\sin \underline{\;\;\;\;\;\;\;} = \cos F\end{align*}.
2. \begin{align*}\tan D\end{align*} and \begin{align*}\tan F\end{align*} are _________ of each other.

Find the sine, cosine and tangent of \begin{align*}\angle A\end{align*}. Reduce all fractions and radicals.

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### Vocabulary Language: English

Acute Angle

An acute angle is an angle with a measure of less than 90 degrees.

Two angles are adjacent if they share a side and vertex. The word 'adjacent' means 'beside' or 'next-to'.

Hypotenuse

The hypotenuse of a right triangle is the longest side of the right triangle. It is across from the right angle.

Legs of a Right Triangle

The legs of a right triangle are the two shorter sides of the right triangle. Legs are adjacent to the right angle.

opposite

The opposite of a number $x$ is $-x$. A number and its opposite always sum to zero.

Pythagorean Theorem

The Pythagorean Theorem is a mathematical relationship between the sides of a right triangle, given by $a^2 + b^2 = c^2$, where $a$ and $b$ are legs of the triangle and $c$ is the hypotenuse of the triangle.

The $\sqrt{}$, or square root, sign.

sine

The sine of an angle in a right triangle is a value found by dividing the length of the side opposite the given angle by the length of the hypotenuse.

Trigonometric Ratios

Ratios that help us to understand the relationships between sides and angles of right triangles.