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# Electromagnetic Spectrum

## The light we see and the radio waves that carry our phone calls are both waves in the electromagnetic spectrum.

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Practice Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Electromagnetic Spectrum

Students will learn what an electromagnetic wave is, gain a feel for the main parts of the spectrum and work problems involving basic properties of electromagnetic waves.

### Key Equations

c=fλ
; Wave equation for light

c=3×108m/s\begin{align*} c = 3 \times 10^8 \text{m/s} \end{align*}

Guidance
• When charged particles accelerate, changing electric and magnetic fields radiate outward. The traveling electric and magnetic fields of an accelerating (often oscillating) charged particle are known as electromagnetic radiation or light.
• When using the wave equation for light keep in mind that light always travels at the speed of light. So plug in c for v in the wave equation.
• The color of light that we observe is a measure of the wavelength of the light: the longer the wavelength, the redder the light.

The spectrum of electromagnetic radiation can be roughly broken into the following ranges:

EM wave Wavelength range Comparison size
gamma-ray (γray)\begin{align*}(\gamma-\;\mathrm{ray})\end{align*} 1011m\begin{align*}10^{-11} \;\mathrm{m}\end{align*} and shorter atomic nucleus
x\begin{align*}x-\end{align*}ray 1011m108m\begin{align*}10^{-11} \;\mathrm{m} - 10^{-8} \;\mathrm{m}\end{align*} hydrogen atom
ultraviolet (UV) 108m107m\begin{align*}10^{-8} \;\mathrm{m} - 10^{-7} \;\mathrm{m}\end{align*} small molecule
violet (visible) 4×107m(400nm)\begin{align*}\sim 4\times10^{-7} \;\mathrm{m} (400 \;\mathrm{nm})^*\end{align*} typical molecule
blue (visible) 450nm\begin{align*}\sim 450 \;\mathrm{nm}\end{align*} typical molecule
green (visible) 500nm\begin{align*}\sim 500 \;\mathrm{nm}\end{align*} typical molecule
red (visible) 650nm\begin{align*}\sim 650 \;\mathrm{nm}\end{align*} typical molecule
infrared (IR) 106m1mm\begin{align*}10^{-6} \;\mathrm{m} - 1 \;\mathrm{mm}\end{align*} human hair
microwave 1mm10cm\begin{align*}1 \;\mathrm{mm} - 10 \;\mathrm{cm}\end{align*} human finger
radio Larger than 10cm\begin{align*}10 \;\mathrm{cm}\end{align*} car antenna

#### Example 1

Which has a higher frequency, green light or microwaves?

Green light has a higher frequency than microwaves. It is possible to calculate it, but since the speed of an electromagnetic wave is constant we know that waves with higher wavelengths must have a lower frequency based on the wave equation.

#### Example 2

Calculate the frequency for an ultraviolet wave of wavelength 107m\begin{align*}10^{-7}\;\text{m}\end{align*} and compare it to the frequency of a radio wave (about 3109Hz\begin{align*}3*10^9\;\text{Hz}\end{align*}). Which type of wave do you think takes more energy to generate?

##### Solution

We'll use the wave equation to determine the wave length of ultraviolet light.

cfff=fλ=cλ=3108m/s107m=31014Hz

The oscillating charged particles that create UV light are vibrating much more violently than the ones that create radio waves so they take more energy to generate.

### Explore More

1. Which corresponds to light of longer wavelength, UV rays or IR rays?
2. Which corresponds to light of lower frequency, x\begin{align*}x-\end{align*}rays or millimeter-wavelength light?
3. Approximately how many blue wavelengths would fit end-to-end within a space of one millimeter?
4. Approximately how many short (“hard”) x\begin{align*}x-\end{align*}rays would fit end-to-end within the space of a single red wavelength?
5. Calculate the frequency in Hz\begin{align*}Hz\end{align*} of a typical green photon emitted by the Sun. What is the physical interpretation of this (very high) frequency? (That is, what is oscillating?)
6. FM radio stations list the frequency of the light they are emitting in MHz, or millions of cycles per second. For instance, 90.3FM\begin{align*}90.3 \;\mathrm{FM}\end{align*} would operate at a frequency of 90.3×106Hz\begin{align*}90.3 \times 10^6 \;\mathrm{Hz}\end{align*}. What is the wavelength of the radio-frequency light emitted by this radio station? Compare this length to the size of your car’s antenna, and make an argument as to why the length of a car’s antenna should be about the wavelength of the light you are receiving.

#### Answers to Selected Problems

1. .
2. .
3. 2200\begin{align*}2200\end{align*} blue wavelengths
4. 65000 x\begin{align*}65000 \ x-\end{align*}rays
5. 6×1014Hz\begin{align*}6 \times 10^{14} \;\mathrm{Hz}\end{align*}
6. 3.3m\begin{align*}3.3 \;\mathrm{m}\end{align*}