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# Secant, Cosecant, and Cotangent Functions

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While working to paint your grandfather's staircase you are looking at the triangular shape made by the wall that support the stairs. The staircase looks like this:

You are thinking about all of the possible relationships between sides. You already know that there are three common relationships, called sine, cosine, and tangent.

How many others can you find?

By the end of this Concept, you'll know the other important relationships between sides of a triangle.

### Guidance

We can define three more functions also based on a right triangle. They are the reciprocals of sine, cosine and tangent.

If $\sin A = \frac{a}{c}$ , then the definition of cosecant, or $\csc$ , is $\csc A = \frac{c}{a}$ .

If $\cos A = \frac{b}{c}$ , then the definition of secant, or $\sec$ , is $\sec A = \frac{c}{b}$ .

If $\tan A = \frac{a}{b}$ , then the definition of cotangent, or $\cot$ , is $\cot A = \frac{b}{a}$ .

#### Example A

Find the secant, cosecant, and cotangent of angle $B$ .

Solution:

First, we must find the length of the hypotenuse. We can do this using the Pythagorean Theorem:

$5^2 + 12^2 & = H^2\\25 + 144 & = H^2\\169 & = H^2\\H & = 13$

Now we can find the secant, cosecant, and cotangent of angle $B$ :

$\sec B & = \frac{\text{hypotenuse}}{\text{adjacent side}} = \frac{13}{12}\\\csc B & = \frac{\text{hypotenuse}}{\text{opposite side}} = \frac{13}{5}\\\cot B & = \frac{\text{adjacent side}}{\text{opposite side}} = \frac{12}{5}$

#### Example B

Find the secant, cosecant, and cotangent of angle $A$

Solution:

$\sec A & = \frac{\text{hypotenuse}}{\text{adjacent side}} = \frac{41}{40}\\\csc A & = \frac{\text{hypotenuse}}{\text{opposite side}} = \frac{41}{9}\\\cot A & = \frac{\text{adjacent side}}{\text{opposite side}} = \frac{40}{9}$

#### Example C

Find the sine, cosine, and tangent of angle $A$ , and then use this to construct the secant, cosecant, and cotangent of the angle

$\sin A & = \frac{\text{opposite side}}{\text{hypotenuse}} = \frac{7}{25}\\\cos A & = \frac{\text{adjacent side}}{\text{hypotenuse}} = \frac{24}{25}\\\tan A & = \frac{\text{opposite side}}{\text{adjacent side}} = \frac{7}{24}$

Since we know that cosecant is the reciprocal of sine, secant is the reciprocal of sine, and cotangent is the reciprocal of tangent, we can construct these functions as follows:

$\sec A & = \frac{1}{\cos A} = \frac{25}{24}\\\csc A & = \frac{1}{\sin A} = \frac{25}{7}\\\cot A & = \frac{1}{\tan A} = \frac{24}{7}$

### Vocabulary

Cosecant: The cosecant of an angle in a right triangle is a relationship found by dividing the length of the hypotenuse by the length of the side opposite to the given angle. This is the reciprocal of the sine function.

Secant: The secant of an angle in a right triangle is a relationship found by dividing length of the hypotenuse by the length of the side adjacent the given angle. This is the reciprocal of the cosine function.

Cotangent: The cotangent of an angle in a right triangle is a relationship found by dividing the length of the side adjacent to the given angle by the length of the side opposite to the given angle. This is the reciprocal of the tangent function.

### Guided Practice

Find the

1. secant

2. cosecant

3. cotangent

of $\angle A$

Solutions:

1. The secant function is defined to be $\frac{1}{\cos}$ . Since $\cos = \frac{adjacent}{hypotenuse}$ , $\sec = \frac{hypotenuse}{adjacent}$ .

$\sec = \frac{hypotenuse}{adjacent} = \frac{37}{12} \approx 3.08$

2. The cosecant function is defined to be $\frac{1}{\sin}$ . Since $\sin = \frac{opposite}{hypotenuse}$ , $\csc = \frac{hypotenuse}{opposite}$ .

$\csc = \frac{hypotenuse}{opposite} = \frac{37}{35} \approx 1.06$

3. The cotangent function is defined to be $\frac{1}{\tan}$ . Since $\tan = \frac{opposite}{adjacent}$ , $\cot = \frac{adjacent}{opposite}$ .

$\cot = \frac{adjacent}{opposite} = \frac{12}{35} \approx .34$

### Concept Problem Solution

Looking at a triangle-like the shape of the wall supporting your grandfather's staircase:

We can see that there are several ways to make relationships between the sides. In this case, we are only interested in ratios between the sides, which means one side will be divided by another. We've already seen some functions, such as:

1) The side opposite the angle divided by the hypotenuse (the sine function)

2) The side adjacent the angle divided by the hypotenuse (the cosine function)

3) The side opposite the angle divided by adjacent side (the tangent function)

In this section we introduced the reciprocal of the above trig functions. These are found by taking ratios between the same sides shown above, except reversing the numerator and denominator:

4) The hypotenuse divided by the side opposite the angle (the cosecant function)

5) The hypotenuse divided by the side adjacent to the angle (the secant function)

6) The adjacent side divided by the opposite side (the cotangent function)

### Practice

Use the diagram below for questions 1-3.

1. Find $\csc A$ and $\csc C$ .
2. Find $\sec A$ and $\sec C$ .
3. Find $\cot A$ and $\cot C$ .

Use the diagram to fill in the blanks below.

1. $\cot A = \frac{?}{?}$
2. $\csc C = \frac{?}{?}$
3. $\cot C = \frac{?}{?}$
4. $\sec C = \frac{?}{?}$
5. $\csc A = \frac{?}{?}$
6. $\sec A = \frac{?}{?}$

From questions 4-9, we can conclude the following. Fill in the blanks.

1. $\sec \underline{\;\;\;\;\;\;\;} = \csc A$ and $\csc \underline{\;\;\;\;\;\;\;} = \sec A$ .
2. $\cot A$ and $\cot C$ are _________ of each other.
3. Explain why the csc of an angle will always be greater than 1.
4. Use your knowledge of 45-45-90 triangles to find the cosecant, secant, and cotangent of a 45 degree angle.
5. Use your knowledge of 30-60-90 triangles to find the cosecant, secant, and cotangent of a 30 degree angle.
6. Use your knowledge of 30-60-90 triangles to find the cosecant, secant, and cotangent of a 60 degree angle.
7. As the degree of an angle increases, will the cotangent of the angle increase or decrease? Explain.