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# Solving Trigonometric Equations

## Identities and solving equations on an interval or with no solutions.

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Trigonometric Equations

Solving a trigonometric equation is just like solving a regular equation.  You will use factoring and other algebraic techniques to get the variable on one side.  The biggest difference with trigonometric equations is the opportunity for there to be an infinite number of solutions that must be described with a pattern.  The equation cosx=1\begin{align*}\cos x=1\end{align*} has many solutions including 0 and 2π\begin{align*}2 \pi\end{align*}.  How would you describe all of them?

### Solving Trigonometric Equations

The identities you have learned are helpful in solving trigonometric equations.  The goal of solving an equation hasn’t changed.  Do whatever it takes to get the variable alone on one side of the equation.  Factoring, especially with the Pythagorean identity, is critical.

When solving trigonometric equations, try to give exact (non-rounded) answers.  If you are working with a calculator, keep in mind that while some newer calculators can provide exact answers like 32\begin{align*}\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\end{align*}, most calculators will produce a decimal of 0.866...  If you see a decimal like 0.866..., try squaring it.  The result might be a nice fraction like 34\begin{align*}\frac{3}{4}\end{align*}.  Then you can logically conclude that the original decimal must be the square root of 34\begin{align*}\frac{3}{4}\end{align*} or 32\begin{align*}\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\end{align*}

When solving, if the two sides of the equation are always equal, then the equation is an identity.  If the two sides of an equation are never equal, as with sinx=3\begin{align*}\sin x=3\end{align*}, then the equation has no solution.

### Examples

#### Example 1

Earlier, you were asked how you could describe the many solutions of cosx=1\begin{align*}\cos x=1\end{align*}. When you type cos11\begin{align*}\cos^{-1} 1\end{align*} on your calculator, it will yield only one solution which is 0.  In order to describe all the solutions you must use logic and the graph to figure out that cosine also has a height of 1 at 2π,2π,4π,4π\begin{align*}-2 \pi, 2 \pi, -4 \pi, 4 \pi \ldots\end{align*} Luckily all these values are sequences in a clear pattern so you can describe them all in general with the following notation:

x=0±n2π\begin{align*}x=0 \pm n \cdot 2 \pi\end{align*} where n\begin{align*}n\end{align*} is an integer, or x=±n2π\begin{align*}x=\pm n \cdot 2 \pi\end{align*} where n\begin{align*}n\end{align*} is an integer.

#### Example 2

Solve the following equation algebraically and confirm graphically on the interval [2π,2π]\begin{align*}[-2 \pi, 2 \pi]\end{align*}.

cos2x=sinx\begin{align*}\cos 2x=\sin x\end{align*}

cos2x12sin2x00=sinx=sinx=2sin2x+sinx1=(2sinx1)(sinx+1)\begin{align*}\cos 2x &= \sin x\\ 1-2 \sin^2 x &= \sin x\\ 0 &= 2 \sin^2 x+\sin x-1\\ 0 &= (2 \sin x-1)(\sin x+1)\end{align*}

Solving the first part set equal to zero within the interval yields:

012x=2sinx1=sinx=π6,5π6,11π6,7π6\begin{align*}0 &= 2 \sin x-1\\ \frac{1}{2} &= \sin x\\ x &= \frac{\pi}{6}, \frac{5 \pi}{6}, - \frac{11 \pi}{6}, -\frac{7 \pi}{6}\end{align*}

Solving the second part set equal to zero yields:

01x=sinx+1=sinx=π2,3π2\begin{align*}0 &= \sin x+1\\ -1 &= \sin x\\ x &= -\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{3 \pi}{2}\end{align*}

These are the six solutions that will appear as intersections of the two graphs f(x)=cos2x\begin{align*}f(x)=\cos 2x\end{align*} and g(x)=sinx\begin{align*}g(x)=\sin x\end{align*}

Note that the terms “general solution,”  “completely solve”, and“solve exactly”

#### Example 3

Determine the general solution to the following equation.

cotx1=0\begin{align*}\cot x-1=0\end{align*}

cotx1cotx=0=1\begin{align*}\cot x-1 &= 0\\ \cot x &= 1\end{align*}

One solution is x=π4\begin{align*}x=\frac{\pi}{4}\end{align*}. However, since this question asks for the general solution, you need to find every possible solution.  You have to know that cotangent has a period of π\begin{align*}\pi\end{align*} which means if you add or subtract π\begin{align*}\pi\end{align*} from π4\begin{align*}\frac{\pi}{4}\end{align*} then it will also yield a height of 1.  To capture all these other possible x\begin{align*}x\end{align*} values you should use this notation.

x=π4±nπ\begin{align*}x=\frac{\pi}{4} \pm n \cdot \pi\end{align*} where n\begin{align*}n\end{align*} is a integer

Notice that trigonometric equations may have an infinite number of solutions that repeat in a certain pattern because they are periodic functions.  When you see these directions remember to find all the solutions by using notation like in this example.

#### Example 4

Solve the following equation.

4cos2x1=34sin2x\begin{align*}4 \cos^2 x-1=3-4 \sin^2 x\end{align*}

4cos2x14cos2x+4sin2x4(cos2x+sin2x)4=34sin2x=3+1=4=4\begin{align*}4 \cos^2 x-1 &= 3-4 \sin^2 x\\ 4 \cos^2 x+4 \sin^2 x &= 3+1\\ 4 (\cos^2 x+\sin^2 x) &= 4\\ 4 &= 4\end{align*}

This equation is always true which means the right side is always equal to the left side.  This is an identity.

#### Example 5

Solve the following equation exactly.

2cos2x+3cosx2=0\begin{align*}2 \cos^2 x+3 \cos x-2=0\end{align*}

Start by factoring:

2cos2x+3cosx2(2cosx1)(cosx+2)=0=0\begin{align*}2 \cos^2 x+3 \cos x-2 &= 0\\ (2 \cos x-1)(\cos x+2) &= 0\end{align*}

Note that cosx2\begin{align*}\cos x \neq -2\end{align*} which means only one equation needs to be solved for solutions.

2cosx1cosxx=0=12=π3,π3\begin{align*}2 \cos x-1 &= 0\\ \cos x &= \frac{1}{2}\\ x&=\frac{\pi}{3}, -\frac{\pi}{3}\end{align*}

These are the solutions within the interval π\begin{align*}-\pi\end{align*} to π\begin{align*}\pi\end{align*}.  Since this represents one full period of cosine, the rest of the solutions are just multiples of 2π\begin{align*}2 \pi\end{align*} added and subtracted to these two values.

x=±π3±n2π\begin{align*}x=\pm \frac{\pi}{3} \pm n \cdot 2 \pi\end{align*} where n\begin{align*}n\end{align*} is an integer

### Review

Solve each equation on the interval [0,2π)\begin{align*}[0, 2 \pi)\end{align*}.

1. 3cos2x2=3\begin{align*}3 \cos^2 \frac{x}{2}=3\end{align*}

2. 4sin2x=8sin2x2\begin{align*}4 \sin^2 x=8 \sin^2 \frac{x}{2}\end{align*}

Find approximate solutions to each equation on the interval [0,2π)\begin{align*}[0, 2 \pi)\end{align*}.

3. 3cos2x+10cosx+2=0\begin{align*}3 \cos^2 x+10 \cos x+2=0\end{align*}

4. sin2x+3sinx=5\begin{align*}\sin^2 x+3 \sin x=5\end{align*}

5. tan2x+tanx=3\begin{align*}\tan^2 x+\tan x=3\end{align*}

6. cot2x+5tanx+14=0\begin{align*}\cot^2 x+5 \tan x+14=0\end{align*}

7. sin2x+cos2x=1\begin{align*}\sin^2 x+\cos^2 x=1\end{align*}

Solve each equation on the interval \begin{align*}[0,360^\circ)\end{align*}.

8. \begin{align*}2 \sin \left(x-\frac{\pi}{2}\right)=1\end{align*}

9. \begin{align*}4 \cos (x-\pi)=4\end{align*}

Solve each equation on the interval \begin{align*}[2 \pi, 4 \pi)\end{align*}.

10. \begin{align*}\cos^2 x+2 \cos x+1=0\end{align*}

11. \begin{align*}3 \sin x=2 \cos^2 x\end{align*}

12. \begin{align*}\tan x \sin^2 x=\tan x\end{align*}

13. \begin{align*}\sin^2 x+1=2 \sin x\end{align*}

14. \begin{align*}\sec^2 x=4\end{align*}

15. \begin{align*}\sin^2 x-4=\cos^2 x-\cos 2x-4\end{align*}

To see the Review answers, open this PDF file and look for section 6.5.

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### Vocabulary Language: English

general solution

The term general solution refers to all solutions to an equation. Remember that trigonometric equations may have an infinite number of solutions that repeat in a certain pattern because they are periodic functions.

Pythagorean Identity

The Pythagorean identity is a relationship showing that the sine of an angle squared plus the cosine of an angle squared is equal to one.